History and Origins of ISIS

History and Origins of ISIS Since the last United States (US) presidential elections, there has been a raise in hate speech and crimes, frequently by right-wing parties and often directed towards Muslims, there has also been an emphasis on ISIS propaganda (Lewis, 2017). The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, known as ISIS, is an offspring of al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) which is a branch of the group al-Qaeda. The Islamic State, aka the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) or in Arabic Da’esh, is a Sunni Salafi-jihadist militant movement and unrecognized quasi-state as it once controlled 10 million people (see Figure 1). As ISIS is a descendent of al-Qaeda, in order to outline its birth, this paper will explain the origins of al-Qaeda and the history that leads up to ISIS. Primarily done through a literature review, this paper will look at historical events, periods and their deeply rooted issues that led up to the formation of al-Qaeda, al-Qaeda in Iraq and more importantly ISIS starting with the Ottoman Empire to the 21st century. This is the history of the rise of ISIS to what it has now become. Rise of ISIS It is perceived around the world that al-Qaeda is a terrorist group that conducted or has inspired many horrible acts of violence since the 21st century including a series of car bombings and shootings, 9/11, and more. Although, ISIS is also known as a terrorist group, a key difference between al-Qaeda and ISIS are their enemies, al-Qaeda engages in a war with the West, while ISIS is more involved in the Middle East (Lister, 2015). This has caused the war on terror, which include international military campaigns, particularly by the United States, as we will discuss. Although, some attacks have been inspired by ISIS in the West, the organization does not advocate for such actions or war on the West, unlike al-Qaeda who conduct 9/11 style attacks, ISIS usually does not participate in major terrorist attacks against the West (Lister, 2015). ISIS is rather reluctant to engage with the West directly or to ‘take on’ the West, this can be seen through the refusal of attack Isr ael, as it is a US ally nor did it openly pick a side in the Israeli-Palestinian War (Lister, 2015). In spite of this, they are still a terrorist group who conduct horrendous acts of violence and cruelty such as the use children soldiers, kidnapping and sell women as sex slaves or force them to marry their fighters, murder praying Shiites, and sell organs on the black market, all in the name of Allah. Furthermore, ISIS is known to use Sunni resentment[1] against Shiites in their fight and recruitment as they are a Sunni group. ISIS is a Salafi[2] jihadist militant movement with great power; by 2014, the group embodied 31,000 Muslims fighters who have joined its rank from nine different countries (Hassan, 2016; Lister, 2015). Many of these ISIS fighters join for religious reasons, other believe that the group offers some answers and a purpose to their anger towards Shiites and Westerns (VIDEO). Their commitment to establish a unitary state or caliphate with no borders in the Middle East and wish to extend this to India (Lister, 2015). Ottoman Empire & Colonial Era   During the time of the Ottoman Empire in the Middle East, the Tanzimat, which is the reorganization of the Empire, brought about the development of an elite and liberal nationalism with the goal of independence from colonial powers, but saving the beneficial characteristics of these Western states and their markets (Hazbun, 2015). This reorganization caused power to centralized and the bureaucracy to modernized and that opened new markets. This challenged the national identity, sovereignty, self-determination and security of Middle Eastern countries, but also created different groups with a common interest in these capitalist economies, which the need for specific political representation (Hazbun, 2015). While supporting the modernization of the upper class, these reforms also caused lower social classes to become populist[3] and develop a radical nationalism as they wished to oppose these developments (Hazbun, 2015). This internal separation occurred until Sykes and Picot[4], British and French diplomats respectively, divided the Ottoman Empire and created new territorial borders (Hazbun, 2015). The collapse of the Ottoman Empire, thus, started British rule and French rule in the Middle East. These new states (and borders) were rejected by, â€Å"Arab nationalist and social-reformist ideologies territorial nationalisms, Islamic solidarity and tribal identity† (Hazbun, 2015). This gave rise to populist protests and revolts for independence across North Africa, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Iraq against the imposed leaders from the recent protectorates (Hazbun, 2015). When independence occurred, there was still a dependence on external powers, which caused a more recent rise of middle class of urban professionals that led â€Å"radical Arab-nationalist, socialist, labor and communist movements that sought to challenge both the colonial states and the Arab elite who had inherited political power and economic privileges† (Hazbun, 2015). These movements sought change through the modernization and socio-economic reforms that the middle-class could identify with. The institutionalization of inequality in the colonial-era resulted of the Sykes and Picot agreement and led to the social discontent of Middle Eastern society that sparked disruption that can be seen as the root revolutionary groups. Arab-Nationalism   During the 1950s and 1960s, the region was occupied with disruption and change, which some call the Arab Cold War due to the series of uprisings and conflicts (Hazbun, 2015). As the radical Arab-nationalist groups challenged the Western influence in the area; Arab politics were also altered by ‘street politics’[5], an ideological shift and social movements (Hazbun, 2015). These groups rallied enough support to promote Arab-nationalist leaders that opposed the West, such as Gamal Abdel Nasser, Egyptian President. Even though, many Arab-nationalist revolutions were accomplished with military coups, the objective was to take over a state and claim sovereignty over its resources (Hazbun, 2015). During President Nasser’s government, Egypt became the first Arab regime to have state power and encourage â€Å"self-determination and modernization† and grew to be a regional force (Hazbun, 2015). In the mid sixties, the basis of their confrontation with the old system was gone, as their modernization of welfare, programs and development could not be done without external support (Hazbun, 2015). This made governments turn to autocratic means of social control and the suppression of conflicting views. The same people that encouraged Arab-nationalist leaders, such as Nasser, now were the same people â€Å"who provided the social bases for the rise of the radical Islamist movements that challenged the legitimacy of the rulers of the secular modern Arab states† (Hazbun, 2015). And the governments need for external help led to foreign intervention and dependence which continued opposition domestically, regional competitiveness and conflict (Hazbun, 2015). Arab-Israeli War In 1967, the Arab-Israeli War was fought by Syria and Egypt to regain occupied territory taking by Israel[6] and other Middle Eastern countries competed for control. An accumulation of factors above lead to the definition of regional politics in the Middle East to be described in terms of conflict and feuds. The oil Crisis of 1973 produced an even larger divide between the Middle East with oil-producing countries (such as Iraq) gaining more wealth and influence while non-producing countries were heavily on intervention and aid (such as Syria) (Hazbun, 2015). By the 1970s and 80s, the inequality in Arab states grew to new heights that made societies and citizens dissatisfied and caused resentment towards the government, and its top officials, due to the lessening of protections and corruption (Hazbun, 2015). Therefore, governments restrained mobilization and political expression, and they relied more heavily on international support, from foreign nations such as the United States. This support allowed leaders to keep their power and security while facing domestic threats of discontent. It is through this social repression, government exhaustion and an authoritarian regime that helped emerge militant Islamist movements, which ideologically challenged the â€Å"modern secular-nationalist state† (Hazbun, 2015). These movements and groups used violent means in order to overthrow regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and Saudi Arabia (Hazbun, 2015). Among Islamic jihad actions were the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and numerous tourists’ attacks. During the Cold War, in 1979, the Soviet Union invades Afghanistan with intentions of defending the authoritarian leader against rebels (VIDEO). For many of these rebels, they were fighting for a religious struggle, called the mujahid, and some developed extremist views (VIDEO). One of the rebels who did so was Osama Bin Laden, a well-educated Saudi, which later created al-Qaeda and was executed by the US forces in 2011 (Stern & Berger, 2016). Another rebel was Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, uneducated Jordanian and former gangster, who later created ISIS (Fishman, 2016; Stern & Berger, 2016). These fighters subsequently used the civil unrest and discontent to their interests and founded their own militant groups. Al-Qaeda was founded in 1988 with recruit fundamentalist soldier that fought against the Soviets earlier on; the terrorist organization became a network that defended the struggle against Islam’s enemies (Riches, & Palmowski, 2016). United States Foreign Policy in the Middle East and its Effects   As the US does not work or encourage terrorist groups, by the late 1960s, they had abandoned rational nationalism’s progressive reforms and modernization (Hazbun, 2015). Instead, they created closer ties with the Israelis and practiced containment policies of radical Arab states (Syria for example) and invaded Lebanon in order to drive out the Palestine Liberation Organization[7] (PLO) (Hazbun, 2015). In order to help the US interest and development a Middle Eastern strategy, they kept close relations with growing authoritarian regimes and â€Å"backed their efforts to suppress social and political mobilization† (Hazbun, 2015). The support of authoritarian regimes for national interest, as well as, disregarding human rights and American values of democracy and freedom has become a recurring pattern in US foreign policy. In the late 1980s and 1990s, policy makers in the George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations wanted to use US power to contain instability and lead the regions into the modern world (Hazbun, 2015). This led to an even greater difference between societal and national rhetoric of insecurity that led to the foundations of Arab uprisings (Hazbun, 2015). US foreign policies and actions regarding the Middle Eastern disruption and violence lead to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, which caused an increase in societal insecurities and division (Hazbun, 2015). This 2003 invasion was largely opposed to by neighbouring countries as they did not perceive Syria as a threat, and thus, US went to war with limited support from the region (Hazbun, 2015). Under President Bush, the US alleged that Iraq had nuclear weapons and the hosting of al-Qaeda members by Saddam Hussein (Fishman, 2016). The US secretary of state also emphasized Zarqawi as the leader of a fatal terrorist network, which made Zarqawi internationally known and in doing so, actually recruited fighters (Fishman, 2016). Furthermore, the consequences of the invasion were wide and include breaking civil order, mobilization of Sunni jihadist movements in Iraq and the general radicalization of Sunnis (Krieger, 2014). Both before and after this intervention and conflict, Sunni radicalization increased, but more importantly the US withdrawal from Iraq caused a power vacuum that the group took advantage of (Lister, 2015). Particularly due to the failure of the United States government to establish and â€Å"leave behind sustainable democratic institutions, a well-trained army, a functioning bureaucracy, and relative ethnic and sectarian harmony† (Lister, 2015). As ISIS’s growth is dependent on the particular military and political situation that has resulted from the isolation of and hostility to the Sunni population by the government and the lack of infrastructure left behind by the US (Lister, 2015). This lack of permanent and beneficial action in Iraq happened in Afghanistan and in Lybia, where the US overthrow Gaddafi, but did not build a new government (Lister, 2015). This lack of action has created a hatred for the US of which ISIS has benefited from (Lister, 2015). Thus, this invasion set the foundations for ISIS, for example, the Sunni dictator of Iraq, Saddam Hussein, destroyed the nation’s army, which led to thousands of angry and unemployed Sunni-Iraqi soldiers who joined the Sunni insurgency (Stern & Berger, 2016). As jihadist groups saw this as a repeat to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, many came to fight of which Zarqawi (VIDEO). The jihadist group led by Zarqawi became the most violent group in Iraq and targeted mostly Shiites, which sparked the Sunni-Shiite civil war. By 2004, Zarqawi was famous jihadi, fighter of the struggle against the enemy of Islam, by that time, al-Qaeda had weakened and thus an alliance was formed between both leaders which lead to al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), which was created to fight against US forces in its occupation of Iraq (Hassan, 2016; Stern & Berger, 2016). Until 2006, Iraq Sunnis stand up to Zarqawi and he was killed by an US air strike (Fishman, 2016). Then, US leaves Iraq in 2011 as it has stabilized according to them. According to Hassan, â€Å"Iraqi Sunnis have been subjected to years of political and economic marginalisation, state-sanctioned repression, lawlessness and rampant corruption in the hands of Iraq’s Shia-led government under the former Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki [and others]. They have rebelled by joining ISIS† (2016). Which leads to the Arab springs in the Middle East in 2011, caused by Syrian dictator Assad suppression of protesters that leads to a civil war (Fishman, 2016). As he fears external intervention (that will overthrow his dictatorship), he releases jihadists that were supposed to help suppress protesters, but instead make them more extreme (VIDEO). In Iraq, the remains of Zarqawi’s groups are still allied with al-Qaeda, but are now known as ISI (the Islamic State in Iraq) lead by religious scholar Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (Fishman, 2016). In 2012, Baghdadi sends top ISI deputy in Syria to start a new al-Qaeda branch that will fight along the rebels called Jabhat al-Nusra (Stern & Berger, 2016). In order to gain strength, Baghdadi strikes prisons and releases former jihadis, as well as, forming new fighters (VIDEO). A year later, he announces that he is taking over all al-Qaeda forces in Syria, in addition to Iraq, the group therefore expands to be known as ISIS to include Syria (Fishman, 2016; Stern & Berger, 2016). The al-Qaeda branch, Jabhat al-Nusra, rejects Baghdadi’s ISIS and causes civil war (Stern & Berger, 2016). As the oppression and conflict in Iraq allowed ISI to expand, the Syrian violence caused Baghdadi to expand in Syria (Stern & Berger, 2016). Nevertheless, ISIS grows powerful in Syria, because Assad tolerates its rise (which he does because it divides his enemies within Syria and causes an emphasis of foreign power on ISIS rather than on himself and his regime) (VIDEO). In early 2014, ISIS had been disowned by al-Qaeda claiming â€Å"ISIS is not a branch of the group, we have no organizational relationship with it, and is not responsible for its actions† (Stern & Berger, 2016). Yet this break in alliance did not hinder ISIS; by summer 2014, ISIS has a large army within Syria, which invades Iraq militarily and become victorious quickly due to a corrupt Iraqi army (VIDEO; Fishman, 2016). According to Fishman, this invasion of ISIS in Iraq â€Å"signalled the emergence of a new force in the Middle East – a hybrid organisation that combined terrorist tactics, military precision, religious ideology, and technological and bureaucratic innovation (2016). And because many Iraqi Sunnis are tired of the Shiite authoritarian government, most welcomed ISIS or at least tolerated them in Iraq (VIDEO). Within days of entry in Iraq, ISIS had captured 1/3 of its territory and a large part of Syria. ISIS’s goal is more audacious that al-Qaeda’s as it wants to revive the ancient caliphate and expand it to involve all Muslims (VIDEO). Conclusion In conclusion, the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria’s origins are found the roots of al-Qaeda particularly in its offspring al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI). Al-Qaeda and ISIS are said to be ideological twins, but strategic enemies, as they both adhere to the same ideology, yet, ISIS overshadows al-Qaeda due to its control of territory and oil rigs, its large financial resources, its great success in the proclamation of caliphate and its alliance to many Islamic groups that have pledged alliance to it like Boko Haram (Lister, 2015). The development of ISIS and its self-proclaimed Caliph al-Baghdadi was a mixture of societal exclusions and discrimination (both ethnic and religious) that explains the â€Å"angry, disillusioned and marginalised Iraqi Sunnis† support for ISIS (Hassan, 2016). Thus, the combination of political and religious oppression and personal circumstances led ISIS to grow strong from the roots of Al-Qaeda in Iraq (Hassan, 2016). In addition, some critics of US fo reign policy claim that the US caused the birth of ISIS due to its withdrawal of Iraq in 2010, which left the group with the ‘space’ to expand with limited military resistance. There is a general consensus and hope within scholars that ISIS will be soon defeated, especially with its current size. Recently, ISIS lost its control in Raqqa by its seizure by an alliance of Syrian and Arabs fighters backed by the US after a 3 year hold, which greatly diminishes the group’s power. This is, of course, a watered down and simplified version of the origins and history behind ISIS. As Fishman explains, the defeat of ISIS will depend on how it is defined, meaning that if it is defined as a cult with a distort interpretation of Islam, its abolishment would simply account for explaining its false views, rather than if it is defined through violent actions that need a war to destruct the organization (2016). â€Å"As President Barack Obama observed at the 2015 White House conference on countering violent extremism, ‘When governments oppress their people, deny human rights, stifle dissent or marginalise ethnic and religious groups, or favor certain religious groups over others, it sows the seeds of extremism and violence’.† (Hassan, 2016). â€Å"In the modern globalised world, diversity and cultural crossovers are becoming a matter of routine. Hybridity is transforming different Islamic countries and regions into autonomous cultural systems; thus posing a challenge to the conventional categorical oppositions of ‘us’ and ‘them’, ‘Muslim’ and ‘other’.† (Hassan, 2016). Please note: This is a ‘watered down’ version of historical facts and the origins of ISIS. All sections discussed could have been discussed in great detail as they are complex matter, as well as, more events could have been discussed. Although, for this paper, I decided to give a simple yet far lengthen view of the rise of ISIS. References Lister, C. R. (2015). The Islamic State: a brief introduction. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution Press. Hazbun, W. (2015). A History of Insecurity: From the Arab Uprisings to ISIS.  Middle East Policy,  22(3), 55-65. doi:10.1111/mepo.12143 Riches, C., & Palmowski, J. (2016). ‘PLO’, ‘al-Qaeda’, and ‘ISIS’ in A dictionary of contemporary world history: over 2800 entries. Krieger, J. (2014). US Invasion of Iraq in The Oxford companion to international relations. Fishman, B. (2016). Defining ISIS.  Survival (00396338),  58(1), 179-188. doi:10.1080/00396338.2016.1142145 Hassan, R. (2016). ISIS and the Caliphate. Australian Journal of Political Science, 51(4), 759–771. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.2016.1242115 Stern, J., & Berger, J. M. (2016). ISIS: the state of terror (First ECCO paperback edition). New York: Ecco Press, an imprint of HarperCollins Publishers. https://www.researchgate.net/blog/post/al-qaeda-5-years-after-the-death-of-osama-bin-laden http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27838034 Figures Figure 1. Map of ISIS control. We can clearly see the decrease in ISIS control between January 2015 and October 2017. [1] The Sunni and Shiite divide started in †¦ and is caused by ideological differences among which †¦. [2] Salafism is an ultra-conservative branch of Sunni Islam [3] A populist is a member of a political party that represents ordinary people and their interests. [4] The Sykes and Picot Agreement divided the former Ottoman Empire who had been newly defeated by the members of the entente cordiale (France and Great Britain) into new borders and sphere of influence and control. [5] Street-politics refers to the use of the streets to discuss and protest their wants from their government. [6] This capture of land by Israelis from the Palestinians is part of a long Israeli-Palestinian conflict, which is a complex and ongoing conflict in the Middle East. [7] Founded in 1964, the PLO wants a secular and democratic state of Palestine, along with the elimination of Israel (Riches, & Palmowski, 2016).

Directed Writing †Welcoming Speech Essay

You are the school head prefect and your principal is asking you to prepare a welcoming speech in conjunction with the enrolment of 800 new form 1 students to your school Prepare a welcoming speech and use the following points to assist you in the preparation of your speech: *To ensure the discipline of school is strictly adhered to. *Demerit points awarded to students who breach the code of conduct. *Behave properly and talk politely with seniors and other visitors. *Proper attires at all times,no punk hair/coloured hair. *Get active and enrol in club and socities activities *Strictly no celullar phones. *Maintain and uphold the school acdemic achievements Your speech must follow the proper format. Higher marks awarded on language,presentation and clarity. This text is not edited: You may please identify any grammatical /spelling errors or on ideas and presentation. A very good morning for our beloved principal Mr. Haji Ismail bin Haji Syafiq, respected teachers and all my friends. This morning, I felt very honoured to speak to our junior level 1 about 800 of them. Welcome to SMK Pengkalan Chepa 2, Padang Tembak. You are now members of this school and so it is very important for you to protect the good name of this school. As the Head Prefect of the school, it is my duty and responsibility to ensure that these discipline code are strictly adhered to Firstly , you cannot bring mobile phones, cannot have colored hair, your school uniform must not be tight.The hair should be short and the shoes must be all white.Leather shoes are strictly not allowed except for the prefects where they are allowed to wear black leather shoes.All forms of jewelleries are not allowed to be wear inside the school compound. Remember , If you fail to comply with these regulations,then punishment shall be imposed on you.You will be most likely suspended or expelled from school. The members of this school are encouraged to be polite and well behaved not only among yourselves but also to your seniors in form 2,3,4 and 5.In addition you are also compelled to behave in front of the teachers.If there are visitors such as parents and any officials from any organisation outside there,you are required to wish them and respect them.This is our culture in this school and everybody must behave so that we can uphold the image and reputation of this school. Dear friends, It is also important for you to be enrolled in societies and clubs that we have in this school.We have many of them and some include mathematics,sejarah, english and bahasa melayu.As for the clubs,we have taekwando,silat gayong and chess.You can enrol in clubs and socities that you think,you can carry them until you reach form5. For your information ,this school use demerit points for each offence committed by each student. If the students collect more than 10 demerit points,then the student can be penalized and their parents will be call out. . Remember,. I hope that you all as a new student can uphold the school’s name.

Dell Background

The background and history of Dell began in 1984 with Michael Dell as the founder which has been known as the most innovative entrepreneur for marketing computers. Dell began his adventure with computers in 1983 by selling PC components out of his college dorm room at the University of Texas. He bought RAM chips and disk drives for IBM PCs at cost from dealers and resold them in newspaper and magazine ads for 10-15 percent below regular cost. One year later he was already running sales of $ 80,000 and dropped out of school, creating a company called PCs LTD, selling both components and PCs. Dell had a strategic approach to selling which was buy the dealers surplus at cost and create his own by adding graphic cards and more memory. He was making clones of the PCs eliminating the retail markup, cutting the price about 40 percent and attracting the price conscious customers. This produced rapid growth and by the end 1986 sales had reached $ 33 million. In 1987 the company was renamed to Dell computers and a year later added a sales force that quickly gained government agencies, as well as becoming a public company. This venture raised 34. 2 million from common stock in the first offering to the public. Dell during the years of 1990-93 began to distribute his computer through superstores, but quickly realized that margins grew thin with this distribution channel and quickly withdrew from selling to retailers by 1994. Transitioning to focus on the direct sale of the computer and customize it during the ordering process for the customer. This was possible because each computer was individually assembled setting it apart from the others. During this time the laptop or notebooks started to also emerge in the early 90’s, however in 1993 Dell ran into some financial problems from a risky foreign currency hedging strategy and problems with laptops and PC models. These difficulties turned off buyers and caused Dell to suspend the sales of the laptops, then write off $ 40 million of its laptop PC models. In order to get sales back on track a redesign of the computer models were done and the company started to go strong into an internet site by 1997. Using the internet to sell there computers opened up a new market for Dell. They were building powerful computers with multiple features custom made to each individual. This model is the build to order business model and resulted in great sales.

Harry Potter Series Book Review - 919 Words

Have you ever read the Harry Potter series? I bade you to read the Harry Potter series. I have three reasons why you should read the novel, and they are: if you like magic, if you like wizards and witches, if you like suspense, then read the Harry Potter series. However, if you haven’t read the series, here is a brief description of the first book of the novel: â€Å"The Fantasy Novel, ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’, By J.K. Rowling is about a boy named Harry Potter who was a one year old that was left on the doorstep of his mother’s sister’s house, (Petunia Dursley). His Aunt and her husband, Vernon Dursley, accepted Harry. Eleven years later Harry Potter receives a letter from one of the best schools of Witchcraft and Wizardry named Hogwarts, a school for magic people. When Harry finds out he is a wizard, he sets off for Hogwarts, where he finds that he is very famous because of his lightning shaped scar and his great Quidditch ski lls. He also meets many kind people and his very first best friends, named Ronald Weasley and Hermione Granger. Harry, Ron, and Hermione survive all the way to the end of the novel, where they discover that the Sorcerer’s Stone is about to be stolen, so Harry Ron, and Hermione try to save the stone. Finally Harry Potter alone reaches the stone where he meets the thief of the stone, the Dark Lord. There he most importantly finds a path he must take later in the series to overtake the Dark Lord, if he could survive his destiny.† After readingShow MoreRelatedReview: Harry Potter Novels by J K Rowling707 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Harry Potter is the title character in J.K. Rowlings popular series of novels for young adults. In the first book of the series, called Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone, Potter is a ten year old orphan who lives with his mean Muggle uncle and aunt, and their bully son Dudley. Muggles are non-magical people: people who are not born with the natural talents of witchcraft and wizardry as Harry is. Harrys biological parents were famous wizards, who were killed by the evil Voldemort. VoldemortRead MoreHarry Potter And The Deathly Hallows882 Words   |  4 PagesKatrina Anne Winemiller Professor Larissa Purvis English 112 1. November 2014 How Harry Potter and parallels to the Bible As a professional reviewer, Mike Furches reviews Harry Potter in his blog, â€Å"Reviews with Mike Furches: Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows part 1† on blogspot.com. Mike’s concern for the dark, scary aspects of the Harry Potter books led him to research the subject more thoroughly, hoping to point out the reasons children should not be reading them. Because of the social, politicalRead MoreJ. K. Rowling: The Incredible Impact of Harry Potter Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesJ. K. Rowling is the author of the best-selling Harry Potter series. As Bruno Bettelheim says, â€Å"If we hope to live not just moment to moment, but in true consciousness of our existence, then our greatest need and most difficult achievement is to find meaning in our lives† (Bettelheim 2). †when children are young, it is literature that carries such information best† (Bettelheim 4). In literary circles, mention of Rowling or her work is likely to raise some tempers. Criti cs find her work â€Å"antitheticalRead MoreJ.K: Rowling and Her Harry Potter Empire787 Words   |  3 Pagesparents wish that she study something more useful than English (Pettinger). She then studied a year in paris, graduated, then moved to London. How her books reflect her life: Although the series Harry potter is about a Magical place Rowling puts many aspects of her own life in the Harry Potter series. One of the main characters in the series Hermione Granger is a strong female character who thrives on being right and who is extremely smart. J.K. Rowling did not intend to base Hermione on herRead MoreJ.k. Rowling s Life1191 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant role in J.K. Rowling’s life. Her mother came from a family of teachers. (Kirk 2003, 27). J.K. Rowling graduated from Exeter in 1983. (Kirk 2003, 48). She became certified to teach modern languages in Scotland the year before the first Harry Potter book was published by Bloomsbury in England. (Kirk 2003, 27). J.K. Rowing married Jorge Arantes in 1992 while she was living in Portugal. (Kirk 2003, 56). Her daughter Jessica was born on July 27, 1993. J.K. Rowling and her husband had problemsRead More Harry Potter is a Classic Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesHARRY POTTER—MORE THAN A CONTEMPORARY PHENOMENON What makes a book a classic? What is it about a book that will have generation after generation reading it? English Literature majors could spend hours theorizing the answers to this question. One series of texts that has received publicity and wide-spread acclaim over the past seven years is the Harry Potter collection. J.K. Rowling could never have possibly imagined how her little book about a boy with broken glasses and a scar on his foreheadRead MoreEssay about The Fame and Fortune of J.K. Rowling1419 Words   |  6 Pagesthe years we have watched J.K. Rowling tower over all other authors in the world. Rowling went through many trials, tribulations and hard ships to be the great woman she is today. Rowling’s life is now in the public eye all because of one boy, Harry Potter. J.K. Rowling once said â€Å"I thought I’d written something that a handful of people might like. So this has been something of a shock.†- J.K. Rowling (Rowling J.K.). Subsequently Rowling’s life will be forever changed. Joanne Kathleen Rowling hasRead MoreHarry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince Reveiw1484 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"When I first saw Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, I exited the theater with an excruciating headache, a lingering sense of emptiness and a very strong desire to punch the film’s cinematographer,† (Ewing) which relates to the movie Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince which stars Daniel Radcliffe, Michael Gambon, Jim Broadbent, and directed by David Yates. In the sixth Harry Potter Saga, Harry goes to school, becomes obsessed with a mysterious book which belongs to the Half-Blood PrinceRead MoreHarry Potter Banned?1723 Words   |  7 PagesThe Question: Banish Harry Potter? Everyone loves to sit down and read a good book that really makes you get into it. What about a type of literature that really makes you wonder and is not realistic but fun to read about because it is different. Then maybe you should read the book called Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone, which was written by a talented writer named J.K. Rowling. This is an amazing book that is very popular, but then at the same time very disliked by some also. WitchcraftRead MoreHarry Potter8051 Words   |  33 PagesHarry Potter | Harry Potter: Complete 8-Film Collection on Blu-ray (2011) | Produced by | David Heyman | Based on | Harry Potter  series  byJ. K. Rowling | Starring | Daniel Radcliffe Rupert Grint Emma Watson (See below) | Studio | Heyday Films | Distributed by | Warner Bros. | Release  date(s) | 2001–2011 | Country | United Kingdom United States | Language | English | Budget | Total (8 films): $1,155,000,000 | Box office | Total (8 films): $7,706,147,978 | The  Harry Potter  film

Gender and Emotions - 2537 Words

American culture assumes a great difference in the way men and women experience emotions. Women are assumed to be far more emotional than men, both in experiencing the emotions internally, as well as expressing them to the outside world. While the genders may differ in how they express their emotions, men and women do not inherently differ in the frequency of emotionality. Men are not emotionless, and women do not overcompensate for mens lack of emotion. The roots of our ideas about gender and emotion date far back. According to Simon and Nath, Historians have documented that Americans beliefs about womens emotionality and mens unemotionality (or emotional reserve) are rooted in the 19th century gender ideologies, which were used to†¦show more content†¦Each pair, or each individual in private, was exposed to one low-agency and one high-agency emotion ad. Those in pairs were asked not to express their feelings toward the ad until after they had handed in their questionnaire involving their reactions to each ad. The questionnaire asked participants to answer the questions pertaining to viewing pleasure, their attitude to the ad, covarities, as well as confound checks to establish that the ads were clear and understandable to all participants. Results found from this first study that males reported less viewing pleasure in public than in private settings. However, they found that males responses to the ad in public was only influenced when viewing low-agency ads with another male, not with a female. Their responses to high-agency ads were not affected by the presence of either gender. There was no such condition found for females, whose viewing pleasure was consistent in all social settings. In private settings, males viewing pleasure was not any different from the females responses. When not feeling as though they are under social pressure to suppress emotion, males were as emotional as females. A second study was conducted which mimicked the first, but simply controlled for any social interaction which may have taken place in the booths in the first study.Show MoreRelatedEmotions Through Culture And Gender1261 Words   |  6 Pages Expressing Emotions Through Culture and Gender Have you ever thought about the way you express your emotions? Emotions are a significant part of our lives. They enable us to express our feelings to those around us. How we express our emotion is determined by a mixture of culture and family influences that directs our gender to express emotions differently. People are more likely to experience emotions versus being able to express them. They way we express our emotions changes over timeRead MoreEssay on Gender Differences and Emotions1687 Words   |  7 Pagesthis complicated situation and find the humor and harmony I have achieved. The gender differences we often experience is not caused by the fact that men and women live in different realities, but the difficulties are formed by a lack of understanding and mutual experiences shared by each gender. Despite the numerous efforts to understand completely the differences between the male and female gender, there is no concrete answer. Acceptance of each other without trying to change the otherRead MoreGender Roles And Stereotypes Of Emotions1149 Words   |  5 PagesGender Roles and Stereotypes of Emotions Growing up, people are put into roles based on their gender. Gender roles are, â€Å"the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as either masculine or feminine† (Hockenbury Hockenbury, 2014, p. 409). Along with gender-roles are stereotypes. Stereotypes are a widely held belief about a group of people based on their race, religion, social class, or gender. Gender-role stereotypes are, â€Å"The beliefs and expectations people hold about theRead MoreCultural And Gender Differences Of Emotion1179 Words   |  5 PagesCultural and Gender Differences in Emotion Emotion â€Å"Emotions are the cornerstones of our social worlds, affecting our interactions with others in countless ways† (Soto, Levenson, and Ebling, 2005). The domain of emotion is vast with many aspects to investigate and discover. Research suggests that there are basic emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise and also more complex emotions such as contempt, embarrassment, pride, and shame (Tracy Robins, 2008). Two areas ofRead MoreGender Differences Of Emotion And Communication Essay1374 Words   |  6 PagesGender Differences in Emotion and Communication By Nina Bingham | Submitted On April 11, 2011 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious 1 Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Nina Bingham Society expects women to be more emotionallyRead MoreThe Role Of Gender, Individual Trait, And Emotion1036 Words   |  5 PagesThe role of gender, individual trait, and emotion in response to advertisements using violent vs. non-violent images and messages to promote mediated MMA consumption. Sang Yoon Ryu Introduction Over the past few decades, Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) industry has dramatically increased (Kim et al, 2008; Lim et al., 2010; Damon et al, 2009; Andrew et al, 2009; Kwak, McDaniel, 2013). The sport exceeded boxing and wrestling as the preferred combat sport among young people (Lafayette Hibbered, 2006)Read MoreGender Asymmetry, Emotion Work and Its Role in Gender Power Relations1242 Words   |  5 PagesGender Asymmetry, Emotion Work and Its Role in Gender Power Relations In this essay the following topics will be discussed, gender asymmetry, emotion work and what role this plays in gender power relations in the context of heterosexual couples. Duncombe and Marsden in 1993 use local survey evidence to illustrate the gender difference or asymmetry in intimate emotional behaviour. It is a commonly known belief that in the first stages of a relationship, it is passionateRead MoreInterview : Gender Roles, Occupational Role And Emotions1441 Words   |  6 PagesDeante Metts Sociology 468 Fall 2015 Dr. Dosik Interview - Gender Roles, Occupational Role and Emotions Sociologist Arlie Hochschild, author of The Managed Heart argues that modern societies demand emotional labor, particularly in the service sector, where she described it as, †management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display †¦ sold for a wage.† This term can apply to a variety of professions, but it is most often used to reference to the sort of attitude managementRead More The Effect one’s Gender and Personality has on their Ability to Identify the Emotion and Gender of a Face.1925 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestigation aimed to explore gender differences and personality differences in the ability to identify the emotion and gender of a face. The expected results were that the response times produced by females for facial emotion and gender identification would be faster than the response times produced my males. It was also expected that participants categorised as extroverts via the Necker cube would produce faster response times when identifying the emotion and gender of a face. Although the resultsRead MoreGender Differences On Negative Emotions During The Childhood And Adolescence Stages Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesgentle emotions, and males show more aggressive emotions. â€Å"Sayings such as ‘boys don’t cry’ and ‘sugar and spice and everything nice—that’s what little girls are made of’ reflect cultural beliefs and expectations that girls show cheeriness or sadness, whereas boys are strong and calm, showing anger if necessary† (Chaplin Aldao, 2013). Before this study, there were only empirical reviews of happiness expression. There has been no empirical review of gender differences on negative emotions during

Civil Wars And The Civil War - 873 Words

Therefore, the fact that ISIL has become very active in the context of civil war could be a strong indicator of its affiliation to AQ. This, as Robbins (2014) argues, is because civil wars can be said to be better and more reliable predictors of AQ affiliated groups than mere affiliation. This further means that the civil wars in Syria and Iraq could be better used to determine which groups taking part are AQ-affiliated than the mere fact that the groups have been known to be affiliated. It means that being known as an AQ affiliate does not matter much in determining the true affiliation of a group to AQ as does the group’s participation in civil wars (Robbins, 2014). ISIL emerged as very strong terrorist group within the context of the Iraqi civil war and has continued to show its lethality in the civil war in Syria (Laub and Masters, 2014). These two civil wars could be used, therefore, to better determine whether or not ISIL is actually an AQ affiliate. Determining this wou ld in turn help in ascertaining the level of threat posed by AQ. Al Qaeda and New Technology According to Hoffman (2013), the advent of new technology has been a very important development in the tactical and strategic operations of AQ. The Internet, through various online communication platforms, has no doubt served AQ quite well given the way it has used it to escape detection and to propagate its ideology. Unlike in the past when AQ leadership and commanders had to physically meet to plan on theShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Civil War921 Words   |  4 PagesThere are no doubts that acts of war can have a negative impact on the individuals involved. There are countless stories of the soldiers’ experiences in the war, and how it affected their lives, families, and attitudes. However, there is a large demographic that is hardly accounted for: children, specifically during the Civil War era. Understanding the children that lived in the time of the Civil War is important because it affected their future careers, shaped their attitudes towards race, and affectedRead Mo reCivil War And A Revolution1196 Words   |  5 Pagesthat a civil war is going on there. On the other hand, others argue that it is a revolution against oppression that has been brutally responded to. Evaluating the situation in Syria requires solid understanding of specific terms of a civil war and a revolution. Also, is there a general consensus on what a civil war or a revolution is? Can the situation in Syria simply be classified into one of these two? The first important thing to know is that there is no single definition of a civil war that historiansRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War964 Words   |  4 Pageswasn’t one sole cause of the Civil War but there were many events that took the country to war and put brother against brother and states against states. Abraham Lincoln wanted to preserve the union and that could only be attained by civil war. Slavery which was an underlying cause for the war played its role in the division that divided the North against the South. Ultimately the preservation of the union, slavery and the consequences and conflicts leading to the Civil War all rested on President Lincoln’sRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1522 Words   |  7 PagesCosts The war produced about 1,030,000 casualties, including about 620,000 soldier deaths—two-thirds by disease, and 50,000 civilians. The war accounted for roughly as many American deaths as all American deaths in other U.S. wars combined. Based on 1860 census figures, 8% of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war, including 6% in the North and 18% in the South. Union army dead, amounting to 15% of the over two million who served, was broken down as follows: Notably, their mortality rateRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1540 Words   |  7 PagesOver the course of the Civil War, approximately three million men (and a handful of women disguised as men) served in the armed forces. By comparison, before the war, the U.S. Army consisted of only about 16,000 soldiers. The mobilization that took place over the four years of the war touched almost every extended family North and South and affected the far reaches of the country that had split in two. By war’s end, approximately 620,000 men had died, an estimate that is currently undergoing scrutinyRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War777 Words   |  4 PagesThe widespread violence that turned into the Civil War began with the election of 1860. Abraham Lincoln won the election of 1860 without a single vote from the states below the Ohio River. South Carolina was the first state to respond to Li ncoln’s election. On December 20, 1680, South Carolina seceded from the Union. South Carolina was the first of the â€Å"Original Seven† who seceded from the Union, including Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. This became known as â€Å"secessionRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1039 Words   |  5 PagesThe civil war is by far the bloodiest war in American history. In the four deadly years of war, over six-hundred thousand Americans were killed. Many disputes that led to the civil war. These conflicts started under President James Buchanan who was a Democrat elected in the election of 1856. The issue of slavery, states’ rights, the abolitionist movement, the Southern secession, the raid on Harper’s Ferry, the election of Abraham Lincoln all contributed to the start of the civil war. The civil warRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War Essay1444 Words   |  6 PagesThe story of this outlaw originated during the Civil War years, Apr il 12,1861-May 9, 1865. The War were the rich sat and watched, while the poor died. A War that wanted to keep black people as slaves permanently by the South (Confederates). Newton Knight quickly grew unhappy with the situation that the people of Jones County, where he was originally from were in. He also did not approved of slavery at all. Newt was the Outlaw who freed Jones County s people, whites and blacks alike when they mostRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War1284 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 30 January 2015 The Civil War There are many facts most people generally do not know about the Civil War, so much research is needed to improve one’s knowledge about the Civil War. Authors such as: Robert G. Lambert, Rustle B. Olwell, and Kay A. Chick were all helpful in this research. Many people think that everyone on the Union side of the war believed that blacks should be equal to whites. Most people also think that everyone on the Confederate side of the war believed in slavery. SomeRead MoreThe War Of The Civil War2145 Words   |  9 PagesThe most successful war seldom pays for its losses, said Thomas Jefferson. On the eve of the American Civil War, a struggle whose death toll surpassed 600,000 troops, it is easy to imagine that many citizens would have agreed with the founding father. And, loss of life was not the only problem caused by the fight. In the wake of the Civil War, Americans of all races faced the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln, crippling personal debt, ambiguity regarding the redistribution of southern

The Seasons of the Year. My Favourite Season free essay sample

I suppose, it is very pleasant while the frost lasts, an unpleasant time comes when the thaw begins. Cars and buses go along streets splashing the mud an slush on the passers-by. Everyone is grumbling and scolding the weather. But soon a warm wind blows up heavy grey clouds and the sun shines brightly in the cloudless azure sky. In a few months summer will come. Summer is the most suitable season for holidays and vacations. People enjoy bright summer days if they are in the country or at the seaside. They go bathing and swimming, and fishing and boating. But its unbearable to stay in town on such hot and glaring days. Everybody droops and shambles and tries to hide in the shade. Then after a good rest autumn and harvest time comes. The corn has turned golden and the farmer will reap it and put it in his barn. We will write a custom essay sample on The Seasons of the Year. My Favourite Season or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The air is fresh and full of the autumn fragrance of ripe apples, plums and peaches and of course, coloured asters, chrysanthemums. But the weather is so changeable in autumn, people have to wear raincoats and umbrellas if they dont want to get wet through. The dead leaves cover the ground like a thick motley carpet, the roads are slippery and wet, there are lots of puddles in the streets and again everyone is looking forward to frosty winter days and much snow out-of-doors. Its rather difficult to say what season is the best one, however dull and nasty or charming and marvellous the weather may be. As to me, I always look forward to summer. I am never tired of its long sunny days, warm rains with thunderstorms and hail, the buzz of mosquitoes and midges. I like to spend my summer holidays at the seaside. In my childhood I used to enjoy playing on the beach, making castles and forts in the sands. When one becomes older one begins to notice the murmur of the sea and its so beautiful to look at the moons way on the water in the darkness. The air is fresh and its easy to breathe. I like to lie in the sun getting as brown, paddle in the water or get splashed by the waves. But its not every year that you can go to the seaside. Sometimes I spend my holidays in the country. Most of my time I spend in the woods gathering strawberries and flowers or at the river bathing and swimming in it. Very often, I help my granny in the vegetable garden weeding it or gathering tomatoes, cucumbers or radish. I like to walk in the rain or just sit indoors watching the raindrops falling down from the green leaves and blades of the grass onto the ground. When summer is over, I always feel sorry, because it was too short and was too quick to pass.