Classical Conditioning Learn How to Create Habits for Success

Classical Conditioning Learn How to Create Habits for Success Don’t you know that there is science behind your cravings for your favorite restaurant food or sweets when you think about them?This science is also responsible for your excitement when you go out to work. It’s also the reason why you’re probably scared about the idea of hiking if you have fear of heights.It’s even responsible for people’s urge to smoke cigarettes or drink coffee if they are addicted to nicotine and/or caffeine, respectively. This science what we call as classical conditioning, and you will realize here that it’s actually a part of our everyday reactions. Classical conditioning is a type of learning that acquires new information and behavior based on associating a certain stimulation.Many experts believe that classical conditioning deals with our reaction based on our experience. It’s also believed that classical conditioning refers to a learning process based on a paired stimulus. It’s where a strong stimulus is paired with a neutral-level stimulus i n order to create a response.The basics of classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Several factors which employ classical conditioning were soon discovered after he discovered it.These will be explained later on.Firstly, let us take a look at Ivan Pavlov’s life and how he was able to develop classical conditioning.IVAN PAVLOV THE FATHER OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONINGIvan Pavlov (September 14, 1849 February 27, 1936) was the physiologist who discovered the learning process.His childhood days in a church school in Ryazan showed a curiosity at a highly intellectual level that he calls his “instinct for research”. He got his ideas when he based Dmitry Pisarev and Ivan Sechenov’s ideals in physiology.As a result, Pavlov started to focus on science and physiology and left he church school to attend a natural science course at the University of Saint Petersburg.From this moment, until his discovery of classical conditioning, Pavlov was able to comfortably study his passi on to the point where he became known as one of the most successful physiologists of his time.Classical conditioning was actually his main focus throughout his career and he devoted his life in developing various theories about it.He was able to grab various rewards in his career, such as gold medals when he got his degree of Candidate of Natural Sciences in 2875. He even won a Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1904; the first Russian to receive the Nobel prize.He is highly regarded and respected for his talents even up to this day.A Dog, a Bell and Some Food: The Discovery of Classical ConditioningPavlov’s discovery of classical conditioning occurred in the 1900s where he experimented with his dog Circa. Pavlov’s experiment was the foundation of the learning process as it shows the very basics of the study.The very first experiment undergone two phases. The first one was conducted by Pavlov when the dog was placed in a box with a harness. The dog was left alone in the b ox for a few hours. This procedure was repeated many times on different days.However, this phase didn’t prove much of the study. However, the second phase proved the most basic result of the experiment.It was conducted by observing how Circa will salivate based on two different but paired stimulus.A salivary gland was attached to the dog to measure the amount of saliva produced upon stimulation. Pavlov rang a bell (which he called as the neutral stimulus or NS) and then gave food (Pavlov called this as the unconditioned stimulus or UCS) to Circa afterwards.The process was repeated every time Circa receives food.At the first few days, the dog salivated (labeled initially as an unconditioned response or UCR only at the sight of the food.But when the experiment was repeated further for multiple days, the dog seemed to salivate (now called as the conditioned response or CR) at the sound of the ring without the food being seen.This caused the neutral stimulus (the ringing) to become a conditioned stimulus (CS) through the support of the unconditioned stimulus (the food). This caused the dog to instinctively think that the ringing of the bell means mealtime.Author’s Note: I also had the same scenario with my cats. When we first go them, they don’t respond on the sound of the plastic bag when I shake it before feeding them with the ca food in it. After a few months, they respond quickly and approach me whenever they hear the rusting of the plastic bag. They even meow for food when they hear us eat during mealtime because they got used to getting fed right after our meals. It just shows that classical conditioning is purely based on experience and instinct combined.“The graph below serves as the blueprint of the experiment and the very basic example of classical conditioning: Source: PsychstudyHUMANS HAVE INSTINCTS: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING ON HUMANSClassical conditioning’s was also found out to be applicable to humans, as classical conditioning is a form behavioral pattern.There are numerous proofs where classical conditioning is applied to our everyday lives.It has played an important role in generating various responses. The field of behavioral science has also accepted classical conditioning as a basis for numerous researches that studies mental health as well.More advanced conditioning studies such as fear conditioning and taste aversion learning also rooted from trials conducted from classical conditioning.According to Morsella (Psychological Review, 2005), people have the ability to suppress behaviors but cannot suppress the urges that connects the stimulus of their behaviors.Morsella also states that the circuits in the brain that conducts classical conditioning are different from the circuits that develop our conscious memories.She also stated th at classical conditioning is different from operant conditioning as it’s based on stimulating the person in exchange of a certain reward which she called as “voluntary” conditioning.On the other hand, Morsella dubs classical conditioning as “involuntary”. She also credited Pavlov for the development of her review.Daily experiences from any type of stimulation can be conducted to humans as well, such as what this scene from The Office shows: In the video shown above, Jim classically conditions Dwight by giving him some mints whenever Jim’s computer plays an error sound. Jim repeatedly did It to the point where Dwight is instinctively asking for the mints even if Jim doesn’t have any at the moment.The Little Albert Experiment: A Case Study In Developing Phobia One of the milestones that made classical conditioning more noticeable to humans is the Little Albert Experiment. It was done by John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner on a 9 month old infant named Albert.He was tested on his reactions by introducing stimuli based on animal interaction.Albert was able to touch and see white rats and monkeys. He was also introduced to objects such as masks. The infant didn’t respond to the animals and objects.However, Little Albert began to cry when these objects and animals were shown, followed by a loud sound of a hammer hitting a steel bar. The noise startled Little Albert to tears.Two months later, Albert was conditioned to fearing the rat by presenting it in front of the baby, followed by the noise of the hammer striking the steel bar.This was done seven times within seven weeks, resulting in Albert crying all the time.Afterwards, physiologists observed that Little Albert starts to experience fear upon the sight of the white rat even if no hammer is stroke against the steel bar.The conditioned response of fear is often conditionally stimulated by everything white from this point; even a white fur coat or a white dog scared the child.Watson and Rayner labele d this learning process as generalization, which is linked to various applications of classical conditioning in a human’s everyday life and activities.APPLICATIONS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVESOur conditioned stimulus can come from different aspects of life that we have developed over the years.This is what Morsella has stated whenever we deal with involuntary reactions based on a certain stimuli that we expect or unexpectedly encounter in our everyday lives. Here are the following applications of classical conditioning that we may or may not be aware of in our daily lives:AdvertisingAdvertising techniques are also heavy associated with classical conditioning.Some businesses even conduct research with physiologists to observe the behavior of the people within their market. Companies employ different personalities for advertising.For example, animated character are often used as commercial models for kids’ products. On the other hand, beautiful women are often u sed for beauty product advertisements and apparels.The field of advertising can also use a certain daily scenario as a way to classically condition the market into purchasing their product. For example, a child or adult having a terrible cough is shown in commercials for cough medicines. In turn, the market to purchase on the company’s end when they suffer from a terrible cough.AddictionThe study of addiction to humans and its treatment was further advanced through the use of classical conditioning.Rehabilitation centers also employ classical conditioning to their treatments to drug and alcohol addicts.Addiction is an easy example of classical conditioning as people addicted to a certain substance can feel relaxed even before intaking what they crave for.For example, caffeine addicts may experience relaxation upon smelling or thinking about coffee.Author’s Note: I was addicted to cigarettes two years ago. When I first started to smoke in 2009, I suddenly adopted a trait where I suddenly crave for cigarettes just by smelling the smoke from other smokers. I even became conditioned to smoking whenever I feel stressed years later when I started working.Doctors also got help from physiologists when treating addiction. Smoking cessation can now be accomplished through medication.Varenicline is one of those products as it weakens a patient’s nicotinic receptor. This results in reduced cravings for nicotine and can decrease the satisfaction felt from smoking tobacco. Varencline’s notable side effect is nausea; it Is even induced when the patient starts smoking again.This is called as conditioned taste aversion an advanced form of classical conditioning in tasting food and substances. This also results the patient to instinctively remember themselves to intake Varencline whenever they feel the urge to smoke completely breaking the habit.Author’s Note: Classical conditioning is also applicable for breaking addiction without the need for drugs. However, it is through experience. I suffered from bronchitis two years ago, where I finally became a heavy smoker. Ever since I got cured from it, I always remembered that horrible experience whenever I think about smoking cigarettes prompting me to avoid it. It shows that you can conditionally become stimulated in quitting to smoke if you experienced something that negatively impacted you.Emotional ResponseThere are two types of emotional response that can be generated through classical conditioning: negative and positive responses.Negative responses such as fear can be stimulated by associating it with what the person hears. For example, if they are afraid of dogs, a nearby bark of the dog can make them nervous even if they can’t see the dog yet. Phobias such as fear of water can also occur to hydrophobic patients when they go to a beach resort or a swimming pool.Positive responses such as relaxation can also occur when a person thinks of traveling or a massage when they badly need one. Exc itement is also a response based on classical conditioning if you feel like something good’s going to happen soon, like a planned trip or a date.HungerCravings are one of the by-products of classical conditioning as they become hungry when they think about a dish they are craving, resulting in its immediate purchase or preparation.Their cravings happen as they were able to experience something satisfying when they ate the dish out of hunger in the past.Some people walking or driving around town can feel hungry after they spot a restaurant or a popular fast-food chain. This happens because people are conditioned with the fact that restaurants provide the food they want to eat.Past ExperiencesPeople can also associate anything with a past experience.A soundtrack that you listened during your travels might make you remember those relaxing moments whenever you hear the song again on the radio.The scent of a perfume similar to what you girlfriend worn during a memorable date can make y ou reminisce those sweet moments if you smell if again in the mall.Post-traumatic disorders is also a by-product of classical conditioning for people who experienced something traumatic such as a war or an accident.The anxiety produced by PTSD may occur if a soldier who returned from combat hears fireworks during Independence Day or New Year, even if they enjoyed it before experiencing combat. Some worse scenarios involve the soldier being enraged or hysterical when they hear fireworks.Classical Conditioning in School and WorkStrict teachers, bullying, and school policies can induce fear to children when they attend their classes.A strict teacher who hates noise can silence the whole class if she arrives inside the room. It’s because they might have experienced the teacher’s scolding or punishments when one or more of the students produced unnecessary noise during class.Workplaces can produce more disciplined employees by implementing strict compliance and attendance policies. F riendly work environments or a workmates close to you can induce a feeling or attraction and urge to become productive at work.Drug and Food IntakeDrugs can also cause a conditioned response to our bodies and minds depending on what we felt when we first tried the medicine.For example, a bad tasting medicine can induce vomiting the next time you take it again.Some extreme cases even induce vomiting when the patient hears the name of the drug. On a positive note, some patients may feel relaxed when they are about to intake a medicine that relieved the symptoms of their illness.The same conditional response also goes for food. A person who hates vegetables may feel disgusted upon seeing or even hearing it. But cravings and hunger may occur to a person when they hear about their favorite dish.There are numerous examples of classical conditioning used in our daily lives. The following mentioned above are the most commonly experienced events. For sure this will keep you conscious about c lassical conditioning whenever you experience one of the following applications.HOW CAN CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IMPROVE OUR LIVESClassical conditioning can impact our lives positively or negatively.But that doesn’t mean that we don’t have a choice in improving our lives using classical conditioning.Here are some nice tips that you can follow if you want to improve your life using the learning procedure:Breaking Bad HabitsYou can use classical conditioning in reversing your bad habits.For example, you can quit from smoking by diverting the way you spend cigarette smoking into saving money.So instead of going to a convenience store to purchase a pack, you will just place it on a piggy bank. If you condition yourself in saving money whenever you feel the urge to smoke, you may turn that into a saving habit whenever you have spare change on your wallet.Facing Your FearsFacing your fears can be temporarily or permanently be done when you have to face your fear often.A lot of experienc ed hikers say that mountain climbing can be the ultimate way to remove your fear of heights.At first, you just have to think about the fact that you need to go up and down the mountain because your hiking buddies are going to leave you behind. If you always think about that, you will focus more on the goal rather than your fears.With enough traveling to the mountains, you will soon realize that you’re more oriented towards your goals while not minding your fears anymore as your mind is finally conditioned in catching up with your buddies.Teaching Children The Right MannersEducating children the right manners nowadays is very crucial. Kids are growing smarter nowadays, and some of them can reason out with their parents.Conditioning your children by portraying good manners in exchange of your comfort and attention can be a good way. At first, your children will always comply just to get your attention and the rewards behind it.But eventually as they grow up, they will start performi ng good manners even if you occasionally give them rewards. It’s because your kids will start to think that doing the right manners grants them proper approach from other people.Training Your PetYou can train your pet in classical conditioning to perform a wide variety of tasks. Even pet tricks can be learned through classical conditioning.You just have to use the neutral stimulus as the objective or the task/trick that you want to train to your pet. Use food as the unconditioned stimulus just like what Pavlov did to his experiment.Do this for a few days to the point where your pet can perform the task just by ordering them to do it even without the food. To maintain the skill that you trained them to do, be sure to occasionally reward them with food.Becoming Good At WorkIf you’re a lazy person and you want to change for the best in your career life, classical conditioning can be your ally in becoming a committed professional.Use your drive to work as the neutral stimulus over a long-term goal that you want to attain (which will be the unconditioned stimulus).Short term goals are not applicable as it might give you the risk of inconsistency at being a good professional that will keep you from working hard for a long time until you become a hardworking person even if your goal is already accomplished.Now that’s a good mindset to consider!CLASSICAL CONDITIONING IS OUR EXPERIENCEWe should be thankful for Pavlov’s discovery as it helped us notice about the different responses that we can make based on certain scenarios. We can use this as an evolutionary tool in predicting the outcome of our actions.It can also be used as a way to treat negative traits such as addiction. Fears can also be analyzed by observing the neutral and unconditioned stimuli of our fear so then we can come with a solution to overcome it.If we can’t do it, always remember that physiologists are also there to aid us, especially now that you have an idea how classical conditioning wor ks.Classical conditioning isn’t just something that physiologists should understand. Even commoners who aren’t versed in the field of behavioral studies should understand the simply basics of this learning procedure. It’s one of the many things that helps us respond in the many events that can impact our lives.That’s why it’s worth learning about.

Free modifier - Definition and examples of free modifiers in English

Awareness Of Nutrition, Physical Health, And Emotional...

In all youth sports there are a numerous amount of safety issues concerning the well-being of the youth. These safety issues has effected sporting events for a countless amount of years and will continue to. Some safety issues that I will focus on in this paper are: awareness of nutrition, physical health, and emotional stability. The concern for all or most of these safety issues has increased over the years, as they have become more enforced. Nutrition In regards to youth’s awareness of nutrition Eileen Harwood, Toben Nelson, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer and Megan Thomas (2012), professors at the School of Public Health at the University of Minnesota shares that one parent defines healthy food or nutritional food as â€Å"something that’s not processed† (Food and Beverages in Youth Sport Settings). For example, healthy food would be fruit, granola bars, yogurt, etc. Children’s diet at a young age is very imperative, especially since the obesity rate has increased since 20 years ago. Enforcing a healthy diet at a young age can decreased the chance of youth becoming obese when they get older. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], the leading national public health institute of the USA states current facts that Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years, the percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, theShow MoreRelatedEarly Life Development Of Children Essay1592 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopmental trajectory. According to World Health Organization (2016), healthy early childhood development includes social, emotional, physical and intellectual growth. World Health Organization further adds that these domains of development are very significant in influencing the well-being, mental health, criminality and economic contribution of a person throughout life. Various factors affect the early life of a child including the environment, the financial stability of the family, and the relationshipRead MoreFor An Adolescent, The Environment Seems To Heavily Influence1549 Words   |  7 Pagesseems to heavily influence his or her social and emo tional development- at least in the short-run. I think the most obvious piece of evidence is the growing importance that teens place on their peers. According to the textbook, adolescents place a greater importance on â€Å"acceptance, self-disclosure, and mutual understanding in their friendships.† Friendships are undeniably important to adolescents, which serve as a source of social and emotional stability. Without solid relationships, teenagers may findRead MoreResearch Study : Relationships Of Eating Competence, Sleep Behaviors And Quality, And Overweight Status Among College Students Essay1091 Words   |  5 Pagesoverweight status among college students Intro: Lack of sleep has been identified as a major public health issue found to contribute to chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes (type 2) and hypertension. As sleeping habits worsened over the years, obesity and unhealthy eating trends continued to climb. In contrast cross-sectional studies support the notion that sufficient sleep promotes â€Å"health related behaviors,† such as balanced diet and regular exercise. Concerning college students sufferingRead MoreThe Issue Of The Juvenile Justice System Essay1539 Words   |  7 PagesIndia is a signatory to UN Declaration on The Rights of the Child, 1959 which defined and recognized various Rights of the children namely: The right to health and care, the right to protection from abuse, the right to protection from exploitation, right to protection from neglect, right to information, right to expression and right to nutrition etc have been defined as basic rights of children by the Convention of the rights of the child. Acco rdingly, India has adopted a national policy on childrenRead MoreThe Influence of Play on Child Development Essay1162 Words   |  5 PagesChildren develop normally when they are exposed to different types of play that allow them to express themselves while using their imaginations and being physically active. According to the Center for Health Education, Training and Nutrition Awareness, â€Å"Play is child’s work†; this is true because it is a child’s job is to learn and develop in their first few years of life, in order for them to do this, they play (CHETNA). Not only is playing a child’s full time job, the United Nations High CommissionRead MoreA Study On The Chicano Theater1223 Words   |  5 Pagesbut the solution requires a complete reassessment of ourselves as an ethnicity, but as a people. The prevalence of obesity and overweight in all age groups is as a threat to health as well as an economic burden. These individual eating and activity behaviors and choices, however, are shaped by factors in the social and physical environments of communities (Hill, 2003). It has hit the Hispanic community the hardest with Hispanic Americans 1.2 times as likely to be obese than Non-Hispanic Whites, childrenRead MoreThe Career Field Of Early Childhood Education1746 Words   |  7 Pagesabilities and social skills. Studies were conducted by the Department of Education, and many other government organizations in different countries. The increasing awareness about the importance of education during these young years has led to a special emphasis in educating children in a manner that ensures optimal intelligence, physical, emotional and social improvement. There are several different paths in the early childhood career field of Early Childhood Education. Some of these paths include center-basedRead MoreCase Study on Nurse and Client Relationships708 Words   |  3 PagesCare provided by a nurse is not limited to physical care. Instead, a therapeutic nurse-client relationship extends beyond physical needs ensuring that a client’s psychological and emotional needs are being met as well (National Council, 2013). In developing a relationship with a newly pregnant client, it is essential to understand common responses to pregnancy. Newly pregnant clients are often in a state of shock or disbelief, and any ambivalence detected by a nurse could simply be the result ofRead MoreOsteoporosis : A Devastating Bone Disease1642 Words   |  7 Pagesfalls in 2012, adjusted for inflation, were $30 billion, (Stevens JA, Corso PS, Finkelstein EA, Miller TR, n.d.). And this does not even take into consideration the implications of home healthcare, rehabilitation, physical and occupational therapy, or the financial, physical and emotional burdens a fracture can have on family members. Unfortunately, according to the International Osteoporosis Foundation, (iofbonehealth.org), â€Å"By 2050, hip fractures are expected to multiply by 4.† So what can be doneRead MoreIntervention Plan And Care Of Hispanic Men Essay2805 Words   |  12 Pagesalso need to establish ways of addressing the miscommunication that occurs between the NPs and Hispanic men. Self-management is among the best evidence-based strategies for the management of T2DM across all populations. Self-management education, physical exercise, screening and healthy diets are crucial self-management strategies that can be useful for managing T2DM among the Hispanic men. Self-management education is particularly an important strategy for enhancing the results related to the condition

Mali of manila zoo-IR Free Essays

Old who has patiently fed and pampered â€Å"Mali† for 10 years. While an animal rights manage confronts that Manila zoo’s lone elephant is suffering physically and psychologically, her â€Å"best friend† has come out to let out sentiments to the contrary. He’s still the same, never been uncared-for, only those People’s Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) people who are making slanderous statements about the condition of Mali are saying that she is sick, they are all untrue, Noel said. We will write a custom essay sample on Mali of manila zoo-IR or any similar topic only for you Order Now PETA embers brought Richardson, a California-based elephant specialist for 40 years, to see Mali and later released a report on her condition, which he said was based on his visual inspection of the 38-year-old Mali is healthy. On a daily basis from morning and all through-out the day they kept the zoo clean especially Mali’s place and also for the people who visits the zoo. Manila zoo being one of the top attractions in Manila hundreds of people go over every day. Mali is really well-taken cared by his keeper, they serve plenty of foods for her including her cage, huge and always aintained clean. She eats meal twice a day, in the morning the zoo keeper serves her with Loaf bread, 5 kilos of sweet potatoes, 100 pieces of bananas, 5 kilos of carrots, 5 pieces of pineapples and a total of 180 kilos of grasses 5 bundles in the morning and 5 the afternoon. When her favourite food, Grasses are already decayed her keeper will immediately replace it with fresh ones. Zoo keepers like Noel has a daily report containing checklist for animals including their health observations, so doctors will be immediately be informed if animals are okay or sick. Mali’s cuticle ailment was treated with the use of sand, they put up a sand pool inside his cage when Mali started to scrub it all over her body her cuticles started to brake. After every 3 months the keeper replace sand pool with fresh sand delivered with a huge truck. Mali’s way of thinking was adopted from the hundreds people who visits her, her way of thinking is almost like a human being, Noel said. The Red Coca-Cola truck who regularly delivers beverage to stores inside the zoo was banned to pass-by Mali’s ecause cage whenever she sees it she becomes hysterical, running scared around her cage and even experience LBM. She was placed in a red truck when she was still a kid after separating to her parents. Elephant’s memories are sharp. Even after decades of not seeing a person she can still remember it. Noel needs to leave Mali and go to province for family matters, after 2 years of not seeing her zoo keeper, Mali can still remember Noel, not all people are friends with Mali they still need to go hrough a hard training before making Mali at ease with them, Noel said. Asked if needs a companion inside his cage Noel answered † Yes , it could be but they will not be kept in the same cage because it might cause trouble† they need to be at ease and have closure first before putting them in one cage, Just like other animals even if you belong in the same breed it’s the first time they see each other and theyre unacquainted chances are they will beat each other. Mali can survive without a companion, sne was able to live by nerselt tor 38 years now. How to cite Mali of manila zoo-IR, Papers

Philosphy Essay Example For Students

Philosphy Essay Metaphysics: Since physics actually means the physical world; Meta involves the non-material world, such as the mind and spiritual brief.According to Encarta Encyclopedia, Metaphysics, is a branch of philosophy that entails the nature of ultimate reality (p.1) According to the Hummingbird N Companys, The Metaphysical Sciences, the dictionary defines this as A mental philosophy dealing with the nature and causes of being and knowing (p.1).H. J. Patton (1948), says in Immanuel Kent Ground Work of the Metaphysics of Morals, so act that your will can regard itself at the same time universal law thought its maxim (p.34). The interoperation was that the universal law was the humans as rational beings. Therefore, act, as you will but at the same time having the rational beings at the maximum of self-value. Patton goes on to say the rational being is having universal law at is maxim, is giving ones self-supreme value (p. 35). Therefore, Patton feels making decisions should be based on maxims of the universal law (p. 108). Which means all decisions should be made rationally.According to Socrates in Encarta encyclopedia, he believed that his calling was to pursue philosophy, he pursued teaching and engaging in self-examination of ones soul (p.1). Jacques Maritain (1964), Moral Philosophy, Socrates questioned traditional norms (p. 6).He did not write any books and also did not establish a regular school of philosophy (Encarta, Socrates p.1). Plato, one of his dispels, portrayed Socrates as hiding behind an ironical profession of ignorance, known as Socrates irony (Encarta, Socrates, p.1).According to Castell, Brochert, and Zucker, in Introduction to Modern Philosophy, Socrates would engaged in debates with people, playing devils advocate, trying to invoke people to think about religion and other none material aspect (p. 3). Socrates got in trouble for this and was sentenced to exile, but verses doing this he commit suicide. The question is, if he did not commit suicide wo uld he be as well known now. The actual term metaphysics was believed to originate in Rome around 70 BC, according to Encarta Encyclopedia (p. 1). This also states it that it started with Andronicus of Rhodes with his edition of Aristotles work (p. 1).Aristotles Metaphysics he questioned subjects on substance, causality, the nature of being and the existence of God (p. 1). Aristotle argued in favor of a divine being (Encarta, Aristotle, p.2). He described this the Prime Mover: who is responsible of the unity and purposefulness of nature. God is perfect and therefore the aspiration of all things in the world, because all things desire the share of perfection (Encarta, Aristotle, p.2). Logic: Logic is a method of careful ways of thinking how can one think clearly, which the outcome is truth. According to the Encarta Encyclopedia, Logic, it is the science dealing with valid reasoning and or judgment (p.1). In the Encyclopedia Britannica, logic is the study of principle of logic (p.447). Encarta goes on to say, the validity of an argument should be eminent from the truth of the conclusions.If the outcome of the premises is false, then the validity of the conclusion is false (p.1). An example of this is All mammals are four-footed animals; all people are mammals; therefore, all people are four-footed animals this is a valid argument with a false conclusion (p.1).The classical or traditional logic was Aristotelian logic (Encarta, Logic, p.1).This was a mathematical formula, syllogism argument is made up of statements of one of the following: All As are Bs (universal affirmative), No As are Bs (universal negative), Some As are Bs (particular affirmative), or Some As are not Bs (particular negative) (Encarta, logic, P.1).Aristotles research method was as follows: first collect or observation of data, then create a hypothesis or an educated guess, then test your hypothesis which is done by collecting more data, then formulate a theory, test the theory, lastly conclusion or law of nature. With this they broke all barriers except chemistry. .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 , .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .postImageUrl , .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 , .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:hover , .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:visited , .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:active { border:0!important; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:active , .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6 .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud06dc3738007d7330689faa6ca08a6b6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Digital Arts EssayGeorge Boole and Augustus De Morgan open a new field to logic, the symbolic and modern logic (Encrata, Logic, p.1).Ethics:Ethics is the study of principles. Encarta says it is the study of standards of human conduct or also known as morals (p. 1). According to Modern Philosophy, Ethics of the principles of goodness from badness and actions such as right and wrong (p. 647). Encarta also says it is considered the norms of human conduct (p.1). Morals are steps laid out for daily behavior. According to the The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, there are three types of Ethics: metaethics, normative ethics, and applied ethics. They describe metaethics as inv estigates where our ethical principles come from, and what they mean. They have normative ethics involves a more practical task, which is to arrive at moral standards that regulate right and wrong conduct. Than lastly they have applied ethics as involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights, environmental concerns, homosexuality, capital punishment, or nuclear war. Plato theories where an assumption that virtue was knowledge and that where taught through out (Encarta, Plato, p.1). He argued, to know the good is to do the good (Plato, p.1). He concluded a moral person is the truly happy person, and because individuals always desire their own happiness, they always desire to do the which is moral (Plato, p.1). Aesthetics:Aesthetics is the worldview; the question is what is beauty, meaning what is pleasing to ones eyes. Aesthetics is the perception of beauty and ugliness (Encarta, p.1). Modern Philosophy, says it is analyzes the human experience of beauty (p.643). It deals with criticizes from particular works of art, analyzing their structure, meanings, and problems, comparing them with other works, and evaluating them (Encarta p.1). Plato thought whomever believed that reality consist of archetypes, or forms, beyond human sensation, which are the models for all things that exist in human experience (Encarta, Aesthetics p.1).Aristotle believed on e could be things as they ought to be, he wrote, and art partly completes what nature cannot bring to a finish (Aesthetics, p.2).Immanuel Kant, felt objects are judged beautiful he proposed, when they satisfy a disinterested desire: one does not involve personal interests or needs (Aesthetics, p.2). Metaphysics, logic, ethics, and aesthesis are important to philosophy. Metaphysics is significant because is the study of truth in the none material world, Socrates questioned everything to find the truth. Logic is important because it is the study of thinking with the out come of truth. Ethics show human beings having a moral standing. Aesthesis shows beauty. These are adding up to show how people are human and how they function.Words/ Pages : 1,174 / 24

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business

Introduction The company in question is involved in manufacturing where it produces a variety of wood products. It has been a sole proprietorship form of a business unit and currently. However, the owner has plans of converting the company to another form of business unit by considering various factors. However, the entrepreneur does not comprehend all forms of business units and thus he needs to make an informed decision before choosing the form of business that suits his situation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion of Various Forms of Business Units Sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business organization as it is formed and managed by a single individual. With this form of business, the organization is not registered on its own, hence cannot be separated from the owner (Lau Johnson, 2011). Moreover, the owner is entitled to all profits generated by the business at the end of a financial year as well as losses in case they arise. However, the owner is responsible over all debts and liabilities entered into by the business. In the formation of a sole proprietorship, the status automatically passes to the owner. However, for the business to be legal, the owner has to register and obtain the necessary licenses and permits. However, rules regulating the registration process differ in accordance to the location of the business and the industry. In terms of taxation, the owner has to withhold taxes and submit them to the relevant authority. Moreover, the business cannot be taxed separately since incomes generated are also the owner’s incomes. Advantages Sole proprietorship is cheap and easy to form for structural costs are quite low as compared to other forms of business units. In addition, legal costs in relation to obtaining necessary documentation, licenses, and permits are always at minimum. In addition, it is easy to prepare and file tax returns for the business is not taxed separately from the owner, which makes it easy to fulfill reporting requirement in relation to taxes. Decision making process is simplified and faster since the owner is the sole decision maker. Sale and transfer of properties takes place at the discretion of the owner, hence maintenance of secrets within the organization (Lau Johnson, 2011, p. 236). Disadvantages In case the business falls into liability and is unable to pay, the owner is held liable for the debts and obligations of the organization. In addition, any liable act committed by the employees of the business is charged against the owner. In addition, the owner may not have expertise in all areas of management; therefore, he or she may find it difficult to run the entire business. Where there are no finances to start up the business, it is hard to raise capital, especially through seeking financial a ssistance from banking institutions.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More General partnership A partnership defines the relationship that exists between two or more people who have an aim of getting involved in business practices. In the course of carrying on a business, all parties involved share profits and losses as agreed. In the case of a general partnership, each of the partners contributes capital, skills, and even labor in return to sharing into the profits and losses of the business. Although, there is no regulation requiring a partnership to be registered officially, it is always recommended for people to do so (Lau Johnson, 2011, p. 240). In a court of law, evidence of two or more people carrying on a business is enough to call it a general partnership. It is also acceptable that a sole proprietor can change his or her business to this form. In the case stu dy, the sole proprietor is thinking of changing the form of his business to something else. However, if he settles for this form of business, he must be willing to have an additional partner into his business. Termination depends on the type of that the business partners were in; however, it can also end due to factors stipulated in the agreement. Advantages Raising capital is quite easier than when compared to a sole proprietorship for each partner contributes a certain portion of the capital. As opposed to a sole proprietorship, a general partnership can also access loans from financial and non-financial institutions. In the presence of an agreement, it would be easier to solve any problem that arises among partners. Division of labor can easily be exercised, as each partner will participate in running the business. Disadvantages In a general partnership, every partner is liable to all debts and liabilities of the organization. Unfortunately, all profits generated by the business are shared among partners. In addition, due to agency relationship that exists among partners, a mistake made by one person affects all other partners in the business. Death of a single partner means an end to that partnership. Partners are also not free to transfer the ownership of their share to another person freely. Secrecy is not guaranteed in this form of business since every partner is authorized to transact on behalf of all others and all have equal access to books of accounts (p 245). Limited partnership As opposed to a general partnership, limited partnership must involve proper documentation. Partners willing to venture into such a business must also be willing to have a specific location. The partnership consists of limited and a general partner. The limited partner enjoys limited liability, whereas general partners are held liable to the extent of their personal liability. Creation of a limited partnership begins by filing limited partnership certificates through the re levant agency.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages Not all partners are liable to the debts and liabilities of the company. Limited partners are not liable to the debts of the partnership. In case of general partners, they are only liable to the extent of their contribution and not the entire liability. Raising capital for the partnership is quite easy. Disadvantages Any legal liability attached to the partnership can be passed to the general partner if the business is unable to meet its obligations. On the other hand, limited partners are passive investors, as they are not allowed to assume active participation in the management of the business. The process of setting up may be long and cumbersome due to the registration procedure required. General partners end up bearing heavy and unnecessary risks of the business. C-corporation These traditional corporations are currently retained by most large organizations globally. The C- Corporations are governed by a board of directors, officers, and bylaws. Stock certificates are also issued to the initial shareholders. Formal paper work is filed in relations to stipulations within the state where the corporation is set up. Advantages The corporation ensures protection of the owners’ properties through separation of actions of owners from those of the corporation. The business is a legal entity that can act on its own; therefore, can sue or be sued without involving the stockholders and other officers. Shareholders have powers to vote for the directors based on their number of shares as stipulated in the articles of incorporation. Shareholders can freely transfer their shares without consultations. Disadvantages Lengthy and bureaucratic procedures are followed during incorporation. Decisions are made by officers and director, and thus the decisi ons may not align to the wishes of shareholders. These organizations are subject to corporate taxes that translate to additional costs to the organization. This corporation is subject to double taxation, since shareholders are also taxed on their dividends (Lau Johnson, p.249). S-corporation An organization has first to move to a C-Corporation before being upgraded to the status of an S Corporation. However, an S-Corporation cannot accommodate more than 100 shareholders. Moreover, it is the responsibility of these shareholders to pass their corporate income, deductions, losses, and credit. S Corporations have one class of stock. Advantages Shareholders have the privilege to choose their profits and the extent of their losses. The corporation is also not subject to double taxation as opposed to C-Corporations for the corporation reports the flow of incomes and losses on members’ personal tax return, hence avoiding double taxation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages The corporation has only allowable shareholders, thus restricting partnerships and alien shareholders. The corporation is also selective on some certain financial institutions, insurance companies, and some domestic and international sales corporations. For a small business, joining this corporation is complicated, as one has to fill some forms to be granted permission . Limited liability company This business organization has a membership of 10 to 20 members, but it should not exceed 50 members for professionals. Members’ property and shareholders are protected and thus cannot be used to settle financial obligations of an organization. One of the advantages of this form of a company is that shareholders’ wealth is protected. The company is also a going concern since the death of any member cannot affect the continuity of operations. However, the company is subject to double taxation since both the company and shareholders’ dividends are also taxed . Recommendations From the case presented above, it is evident that the business has outgrown its capacity as a sole proprietorship. Since the organization had not yet formed any form of the corporation, the owner should upgrade the business to a limited liability company. The organization needs to increase its earnings, thus leading to an increment in profits that can cater for the increased expenses in relation to those of other corporations. A limited liability company could suit the organization, as it is easier to form in comparison to the S and C corporations. Although the company is subject to double taxation, I strongly recommend this form of business organization. For the case of these other corporations, there are stringent measures, as stipulated by regulations governing the formation of these organizations. With the expansion of a business, an organization is likely to seek services of expatriates because such a move comes along with inventions and innovations mostly in technology. This aspect will be a crucial idea for the business that is dealing with timber products. Improved technology would ensure proper utilization of available resources and introduction of new designs. Although I support strategies outlined by S Corporations, I would not recommend it because this form does not favor alien shareholders. I strongly recommend a limited liability company as it would ensure wealth of shareholders is safeguarded. Moreover, the sole proprietor was used to dealing with a small number of employees; therefore, recommending companies that would require many shareholders would amount to incompetence. A limited liability company is suitable, as the owner will only have to deal with less than 50 shareholders, and thus management becomes easier. Reference Lau, T., Johnson, l. (2011). The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge. This critical writing on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business was written and submitted by user Ignacio Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Abuse vs Discipline Essay Example

Abuse vs Discipline Essay Example Abuse vs Discipline Paper Abuse vs Discipline Paper Blake Moss Abuse Versus Discipline A mother spanks her child in a public parking lot. While a nearby citizen watches in horror and begins to dial 911. Is this wrong? Does the mother have authority to do this to her own child? Who gets to decide how the mother disciplines her child? Why here? These are the questions that come across the mind of todays society. Most people would agree that the child did something â€Å"wrong,† but opinion collide on how the mother should discipline the child. Parents from generations ago would not have thought twice about this incident. In todays era, as technology has progressed so has the ideas of child abuse and discipline. What is the difference between child abuse vs. child discipline? Then Versus Now Disciplining children in the 1950s has been seen as strict, harsh and oppressive . In fact, children were often meant to be seen but not heard. Back then , if a child forgot to say â€Å"sir† or â€Å"maam† behind their statement to a teacher or another adult, he or she had the possibility of taking a blow from a switch to the rear. This is a lot different from generations growing up today. Children are almost never taught proper manners when addressing higher authority figures. Some parents turn their heads at any sign of physical discipline. Statistics Statistics show a report of child abuse is made every ten seconds. Another shows that more than five children die from child abuse every day. That means everyday about 9,000 reports of child abuse are made. Children are less likely to die from child abuse if they are active in the community or attend a public school system. 80% of children who die from child abuse are under the age of four . The other 20% are in elementary schools. This dramatic difference is due to authorities and professionals helping to protect children. Why dont the children tell? Statistics say that over 90% of children who are sexually abused, know who their abuser is. Children are terrified of their abuser so, they protect abuser in hope that they wont hurt them or their family. 30% of the children who are abused will go on to abuse others later on in life. The abused have a 80% chance to developing some kind of psychological disorder. They have a higher risk of being sent to prison as will. Statistics show that 14% of all men in prison were abused as a child and that 36% of women in prison were abused. Abuse and Neglect by Law Child abuse by law in the Child Welfares Information Gateway in Missouri as â€Å"Any physical injury inflicted on a child by other than accidental means by those responsible for the child’s care, custody, and control. † This means that any physical punishment such as a bar of soap in the mouth, is seen as abuse. The person who put the soap in the childs mouth is abusing them. Neglect is defined in this article as well it is â€Å"Failure to provide, by those responsible for the care, custody, and control of the child, proper or necessary support; education as required by law; nutrition; or medical, surgical, or any other care necessary for the child’s well-being. † When the state says this, it does not define â€Å"proper support. † This leaves room for interpretation. In some parents mind if you do not celebrate a child’s ‘B+’ grade then you are neglecting him or her. Is it correct for the state to tell parents how to discipline their children in certain ways? Abuse and Neglect by Definition The dictionary says child abuse is â€Å"mistreatment of a child by a parent or guardian, including neglect, beating, and sexual molestation. † By this definition the amount of the action is not defined. Also, beating and neglect are not defined; this leaves room for interpretation again. Some may interpret it as laying a hand on a child at all, where other may take it as leaving a bruise. Neglect can be defined as â€Å"failure of caretakers to provide adequate emotional and physical care for a child† in the dictionary. This â€Å"adequate† definition still has room for interpretation. This may mean enough to stay alive such as one meal a week, or it may mean three large meals a day. Who gets to make these interpretations? Is it the caretaker or parents or the child or is it the state? Discipline by Definition Discipline is â€Å"the practice of training people to obey rules or a code of behavior, using punishment to correct disobedience. † A question that comes to mine is; who gets define the amount of â€Å"punishment? † And who gets to decide the rules and code of behavior? Is it the parents or guardians, or is it the governmental agencies? If a child is doing something wrong and the parent chooses to â€Å"swat† the child then they are violating the law because they are inflicting â€Å"physical injury inflicted on the child. † Is this wrong or is it right? Christians Opinion Proverbs 23:13-15 says â€Å"Do not withhold discipline from a child; if you strike him with a rod, he will not die. If you strike him with the rod, you will save his soul from Sheol. My son, if your heart is wise, my heart too will be glad. † This is not saying to beat until the child can not stand it is saying that if a parent uses physical discipline they will not die. Discipline your son, for there is hope; do not set your heart on putting him to death. † This quote comes from Proverbs 19:18. So what is Christians view on discipline? It is okay to use physical and mental discipline. God elaborates throughout his holy book that He not only believes in physical discipline, but recommends it. He states this multiple tim es in the bible and shows many examples of it. He is not encouraging child abuse by any means. However, by the ideas of society now; God would find abuse alright. No Discipline What would a child grow up to be if he or she were never disciplined? Spoiled. If a child was never told â€Å"No† they would come to the conclusion that they were always correct. Even if that was not the case, a child would never quite know the meaning behind right and wrong. They would never learn to respect others and even worse themselves. Hard work would no longer play a major role in the development of life without discipline. In the movie â€Å"A Christmas Story† Ralph says a curse word in front of his father, and he is punished by a bar of soap in his mouth. Now in your opinion is this wrong? After Ralph is sent to bed his mother puts the bar of soap in her mouth for the same exact reason. She was brought up to believe that it is wrong to curse and she knows that it is only fair for her to also be punished. If the mother had never been punished by the soap she would of never learned to punish her children in the same manor. This is only one example why discipline is necessary. Children might not think that it is fair to get a spanking, but they learn their lesson. A child without any disciple will never know right from wrong or bad verses good. But, where is the fine line drawn between discipline and abuse? Side Effects Physical abuse and neglect have immediate and long-term effects on a child’s development. The long-term effects can be seen in higher rates of psychiatric disorders, increased rates of drug and alcohol abuse, and a variety of relationship difficulties. The most common perpetrators of child abuse and neglect are found in people who have been abused and neglected themselves. There is proof to show the connection between child abuse and the neglect and psychological, emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal disorders later in his or her life. Studies have shown that a child uses the parent’s state of mind to regulate the child’s own mental processes. A child needs a sensitive and responsible parent in order to form their own mind set into knowing right from wrong. Children who have been sexually abused are at significant risk of developing anxiety disorders, major depressive disorders alcohol abuse drug abuse and antisocial behavior. Children who were sexually abused, also have a higher risk of becoming a predator themselves later in life. In the novel â€Å"A Child Called It† by David Pelzer, you see the major physical abuse and neglect that he endured for many treacherous years. This book shows you how an abused mother continues the cycle of abuse on her own child. If you continue reading the novel series you come to a book called â€Å"A Man Named Dave,† throughout this book you see the exact troubles that a grown man struggles with in order to overcome the effects of child abuse. This series shows the horrendous cycle of abuse, not only affecting the child but, people they encounter for the rest of their life. The Effort to Stop AbuseKids Matter Inc. is a group of parents in Milwaukee trying to make child abuse and neglect extinct. The members come from all different types of professions such as, doctors and teachers. They are a small organization that puts volunteer energy into their neediest kids. This organization was formed in 2000 and has been growing rapidly ever since. Every Child Matters is another organization devoted to stopping child abuse by policies. This effort is a paper filled effort. They try to promote new policies to give children the necessary equipment to have a better tomorrow. They ensure that children have access to affordable, comprehensive health care services. They promote and expand the early-care and learning opportunities and after-school programs. Also they prevent violence against children in their homes and relive child poverty. Child Welfare is the most well know child abuse organization devoted to protecting children. This organization is sponsored through the government. It allows the group to actually step in and take the child from their home of abuse, into a home with love and affection. This agency helps protect children from their abusers. The Child Welfare’s website provides all kinds of information which regards to protecting children. They have state by state abuse definitions. This website has been helpful in trying to define â€Å"child abuse by law. † Also it shows the guide lines to mandatory reporting of child abuse. Mandatory Reports In the state of Missouri, professionals are the only people required to report abuse. This is the law in Missouri and in 33 other states. In Missouri, the professionals that they are meaning are medical, educational, religious, governmental, and photographers. Also, any other persons responsible for the care of children must report. Do these professionals know the difference? Sometimes they might be able to tell the main difference such as a red mark versus a deep bruise. It would be difficult for some professionals to tell because children are clumsy. The exceptions to these policies are two main people. They are the religious and governmental. For the religious, there is a â€Å"Clergy-penitent privilege. † This is to protect the people who talk to their priest. This protects them so the person who does the confessional does not have to suffer any more. The governmental exception is the â€Å"Attorney-client privilege. † This exception is only acceptable in 22 states. This privilege is specifically confirmed. Conclusion In conclusion children do need an understanding of discipline.. discipline allows the child to grow and learn there are boundaries in life. When discipline becomes beating a child nothing is learned. Abuse only teaches the child it is ok to abuse others. Parents determine the amount of discipline the exception to this is when the parent takes it to far and teaches or government agencies may step in. abuse can be stopped if the community will do its part and help raise children in a good structured environment